Civil liberties

Freedom is the point.

Indians are punished — arrested, charged, convicted — for exercising the freedoms the Constitution promises: speaking, believing, worshipping, assembling. This register documents those cases of state overreach, starting with freedom of speech and freedom of religion, with more sections to be added.

Coverage is being built state by state, starting with Andhra Pradesh and the most recent cases. Every record cites its source; names of private individuals are withheld.

Analytics

What the record shows so far

Live counts drawn from published records. The dashboard describes only the cases documented here; it does not estimate how common these punishments are across India.

28
Records published
each with its source
2
Sections open
speech & religion to start
15
States covered
of 36 states & UTs
15
Laws cited
distinct statutes used
Live dataset

Every number above is computed from the published records below. Nothing here is estimated.

Incidents

Every record, below the numbers

Each case: who was punished, which freedom they exercised, which law was used, which court or authority acted, and the source. Findings belong to the deciding court; this register adds none of its own.

28 recordsnewest first
Freedom of religionProsecution pending
WB 51 CL 0001

Hate-speech case against a sitting MP over remarks in a social-media video: High Court extends protection from arrest to January

1 October 2026 · Nadia, West Bengal · Hogalberia Police Station, Krishnanagar Police District, West Bengal Police; Calcutta High Court, Justice Saugata Bhattacharyya

Hogalberia police in Nadia registered a case on 28 June 2026 after a BJP leader complained that a Trinamool Congress MP's remarks in a video, made after women protesters gathered with eggs to throw at her, hurt religious sentiments. The Calcutta High Court barred coercive action in July, and the MP was questioned on 14 August. On 1 October 2026 the court extended the protection to 29 January 2027; her petition to quash the case is pending.

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Freedom of religionProsecution pending
CG 04 CL 0002

Raipur man booked for 'outraging religious feelings' over a news-channel interview granted anticipatory bail

29 September 2026 · Raipur, Chhattisgarh · Civil Lines Police Station, Raipur; Chhattisgarh High Court, Justice Parth Prateem Sahu

Raipur's Civil Lines police registered a case under Section 299 of the new penal code against a 32-year-old Raipur resident, on a complaint that remarks he made in a news-channel interview, which went viral, insulted the Hindu religion. Section 299 was the only offence charged. On 29 September 2026 the Chhattisgarh High Court granted him anticipatory bail; the State's counsel told the court the case diary showed no criminal record.

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Freedom of speechCase quashed
TN 27 CL 0001

Madras High Court quashes hate-speech case over a political leader's press-meet remark

24 September 2026 · Salem, Tamil Nadu · Madras High Court, Justice G.K. Ilanthiraiyan; Judicial Magistrate No. IV, Salem

A Salem magistrate took cognisance of a private complaint under hate-speech sections against a former Tamil Nadu BJP president over a remark at a press meet attributed to a freedom fighter. The Madras High Court quashed the case on 24 September 2026. It held there was no material that the speech was intended or likely to incite violence or promote disharmony.

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Freedom of speechCase quashed
KA 00 CL 0002

High Court quashes case over remarks about Prime Minister in Athani shop dispute

24 September 2026 · Karnataka · Karnataka High Court, Justice Venkatesh Naik T

Athani Police booked a shopkeeper after a social worker complained about barricades and alleged insulting remarks about the Prime Minister. The Karnataka High Court quashed the proceedings before the Athani court. The Court held the complaint did not show intentional insult to provoke a breach of peace.

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Freedom of speechConvicted
GJ 18 CL 0001

Journalist convicted of defaming a conglomerate over tweets jailed for a week, then granted bail

24 September 2026 · Gandhinagar, Gujarat · Judicial Magistrate First Class, Mansa; Principal District and Sessions Court, Gandhinagar; Gujarat High Court, Justice M.K. Thakker

A Mansa magistrate convicted a journalist of criminal defamation in February 2026 over tweets and articles about Adani Enterprises and sentenced him to one year. During his appeal a Gandhinagar sessions court issued a non-bailable warrant for non-appearance and he was taken into custody on 17 September 2026. The Gujarat High Court refused interim relief on 23 September, and the sessions court granted him bail on 24 September.

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Freedom of speechDetained; detention set aside
UP 16 CL 0001

Student activist held under NSA after Noida wage protest; High Court quashed it, Supreme Court stays its strictures

23 September 2026 · Gautam Buddh Nagar, Uttar Pradesh · Supreme Court of India (Justices Satish Chandra Sharma and N. Kotiswar Singh); Allahabad High Court (Justices Atul Sreedharan and Achal Sachdev); District Magistrate, Gautam Buddh Nagar

Noida's District Magistrate ordered a 24-year-old Delhi University graduate detained under the National Security Act after the April 2026 workers' wage protest. On 2 September 2026 the Allahabad High Court quashed the detention as passed without application of mind and ordered Rs 5 lakh compensation. On 23 September the Supreme Court stayed the compensation and strictures against the Magistrate pending hearing.

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Freedom of religionCase quashed
UP 62 CL 0001

Two men booked for attending a religious gathering at Nizamuddin Markaz in 2020 cleared after six years

18 September 2026 · Jaunpur, Uttar Pradesh · Allahabad High Court, Justice Gautam Chowdhary; Shahganj Police Station, Jaunpur

Shahganj police in Jaunpur booked two men in April 2020 after learning they had attended a religious gathering at the Nizamuddin Markaz in Delhi, alleging they might spread Covid-19; both later tested negative. The Allahabad High Court quashed the case on 18 September 2026. It held they were falsely implicated on the basis of presumption and assumption.

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Freedom of speechCase quashed
KA 01 CL 0002

High Court ends five-year-old IT Act case over a student's Instagram post after an actor's death

18 September 2026 · Bengaluru Urban, Karnataka · Karnataka High Court, Justice Suraj Govindaraj; Subramanya Nagar Police Station, Bengaluru

Bengaluru police booked a student in 2021 over an offensive Instagram story posted after a film actor's death. The Karnataka High Court quashed the case on 18 September 2026. It held the post, though vulgar, was not obscene under the IT Act and did not promote enmity between groups.

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Freedom of speechCase quashed
WB 19 CL 0001

Calcutta High Court quashes criminal defamation case against TV editor and reporter over a recorded phone call

16 September 2026 · South 24 Parganas, West Bengal · Calcutta High Court, Justice Uday Kumar; Judicial Magistrate, 9th Court, Alipore

A singer filed a criminal defamation complaint after a news channel circulated the audio of a reporter's phone call in which he swore. An Alipore magistrate summoned the channel's editor and the reporter. The Calcutta High Court quashed the case on 16 September 2026, holding that reproducing the complainant's own words is not an imputation.

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Freedom of speechPenalised; penalty set aside
HP 00 CL 0001

High Court restores bus conductor sacked over private WhatsApp messages

16 September 2026 · Himachal Pradesh · High Court of Himachal Pradesh at Shimla (Justice Jyotsna Rewal Dua); penal action by the Himachal Road Transport Corporation

The state transport corporation ended a contract conductor's service after he sent two messages in a private co-workers' WhatsApp group discussing new work rules. The High Court of Himachal Pradesh held the private group was not a public social-media platform and the messages were not prohibited criticism. It quashed the termination order and deemed him in continuous service.

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Freedom of religionStatus cancelled; order set aside
TN 97 CL 0001

Official's Scheduled Caste certificate cancelled on looks alone as proof he was Christian; High Court sets it aside

11 September 2026 · Tiruvannamalai, Tamil Nadu · Madras High Court, Justice D. Bharatha Chakravarthy; District Level Vigilance Committee, Tiruvannamalai

A Tiruvannamalai district vigilance committee declared a senior customs official's Adi Dravidar (Scheduled Caste) certificate not genuine just before his retirement, finding his family still professed Christianity after reconverting to Hinduism. The Madras High Court set the order aside on 11 September 2026. It held the committee had relied on his fair complexion, physique, languages and hair.

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Freedom of speechCase quashed
KA 19 CL 0001

High Court quashes enmity FIR over a WhatsApp status posted after the 2024 election result

11 September 2026 · Dakshina Kannada, Karnataka · Karnataka High Court, Justice Rajesh Rai K; Subramanya Police Station

Subramanya police in Dakshina Kannada registered an FIR under Section 505(2) IPC after a party worker complained about a man's WhatsApp status on the 2024 Lok Sabha result. The Karnataka High Court quashed the FIR on 11 September 2026. It held a WhatsApp status seen by one's contacts is not publication or circulation, and showed no intent to cause disorder.

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Freedom of speechPenalised
DL 02 CL 0001

JNU fined eight students Rs 19,000 each for cheering a protest; High Court stays the fines

10 September 2026 · New Delhi, Delhi · Delhi High Court, Justice Jasmeet Singh; Proctorial Committee, Jawaharlal Nehru University

JNU's Proctorial Committee fined eight students Rs 19,000 each for indiscipline, alleging they cheered and supported protesters who damaged a facial-recognition system. The Delhi High Court stayed the fines on 10 September 2026. It held that at best the students were seen smiling at protesters and that cheering a demonstration is a valuable right.

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Freedom of speechProsecution pending
KA 01 CL 0001

Legislator to face defamation trial over press-conference bribery allegations against a minister

7 September 2026 · Bengaluru Urban, Karnataka · Karnataka High Court, Justice Anant Ramanath Hegde; XLII Additional Chief Judicial Magistrate, Bengaluru

A Karnataka minister filed a criminal defamation complaint against a member of the Legislative Council over allegations he made at 2024 press conferences about bribes for land-use conversion. A Bengaluru magistrate took cognisance under Section 356(2) BNS. The Karnataka High Court refused to quash the case on 7 September 2026, leaving good faith and truth to be decided at trial.

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Freedom of speechCase quashed
TN 01 CL 0001

Chennai commentator booked over temple-land posts, High Court quashes cybercrime FIR

28 August 2026 · Chennai, Tamil Nadu · Madras High Court; Chennai Central Crime Branch, Cyber Cell CCD-I

Chennai cybercrime police registered an FIR over posts linking the State Hindu Religious and Charitable Endowments Minister to a temple-land registration. The Madras High Court quashed the FIR on 28 August 2026, holding the cited public-order offences were not made out.

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Freedom of speechPre-arrest bail refused
OD 02 CL 0001

Orissa High Court refuses pre-arrest bail to news editor booked over video remarks about minister

6 August 2026 · Khordha, Odisha · Orissa High Court (Justice V. Narasingh); Capital Police, Bhubaneswar

Capital Police in Bhubaneswar booked the editor-in-chief of a digital news platform after a video of his remarks about a State minister was widely circulated on social media. The editor sought pre-arrest bail, saying custodial interrogation was not needed. The Orissa High Court rejected the plea on 6 August 2026 and left the prosecution pending.

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Freedom of religionPre-arrest bail refused
RJ 27 CL 0001

Bail refused for 13 held over Udaipur prayer gathering

23 July 2026 · Udaipur, Rajasthan · Rajasthan High Court at Jodhpur

Police in Udaipur district arrested 13 people around a prayer gathering scheduled for 5 to 7 June 2026 and charged BNS provisions and the 2025 Rajasthan anti-conversion law. The Rajasthan High Court at Jodhpur dismissed their bail applications on 23 July 2026, finding prima facie involvement from the case diary.

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Freedom of speechProsecution pending
JH 03 CL 0001

Two people face prosecution over a circulating WhatsApp message in Chhatarpur

15 June 2026 · Palamau, Jharkhand · High Court of Jharkhand at Ranchi (Justice Sanjay Kumar Dwivedi)

Police in Chhatarpur registered a 2026 case over a circulating WhatsApp message under speech provisions of the BNS and election law. The High Court recorded that there was no other allegation against the petitioners. It granted them anticipatory bail on bonds of Rs 25,000 each.

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Freedom of religionStatus cancelled
AP 39 CL 0001

Pastor loses Scheduled Caste status for practising Christianity; his caste certificates are cancelled

23 May 2026 · Bapatla, Andhra Pradesh · Supreme Court of India; District Collector, Bapatla

A Dalit pastor who said he was assaulted and warned to stop holding Sunday prayer meetings lost the protection of the anti-atrocities law because he practises Christianity. On 24 March 2026 the Supreme Court held that conversion ends Scheduled Caste status 'from the moment of conversion'. On 23 May 2026 the Bapatla district collector cancelled his three caste certificates.

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Freedom of speechProsecution pending
AS 25 CL 0001

Four accused granted bail in case concerning political leaflets

19 March 2026 · Kamrup Metropolitan, Assam · Gauhati High Court

Four people were arrested in connection with a case concerning political-party leaflets carrying allegedly provocative remarks against a particular person. The case was registered under BNS Sections 152, 175, 196, 197, 353 and 61(2). The Gauhati High Court granted each accused bail on a bond of Rs 30,000 with one surety of the same amount.

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Freedom of speechProsecution pending
MP 74 CL 0001

Man granted bail after arrest for allegedly outraging religious feelings in Pandhurna

12 November 2025 · Pandhurna, Madhya Pradesh · High Court of Madhya Pradesh

Police in Pandhurna district arrested a man in October 2025 for allegedly outraging religious feelings, charging only BNS section 299. The High Court recorded custody since 8 October 2025. On 12 November 2025 the Court granted bail without deciding the merits.

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Freedom of religionCase quashed
KA 00 CL 0001

High Court quashes anti-conversion FIR over pamphlets near Jamkhandi temple

17 July 2025 · Karnataka · Karnataka High Court, Dharwad Bench, Justice Venkatesh Naik T

Police registered an anti-conversion case after three men distributed religious pamphlets and preached near a temple in Jamkhandi. The Karnataka High Court quashed the FIR and trial court proceedings. The Court held a third-party complainant had no standing and no specific conversion or attempt was alleged.

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Freedom of religionGoods seized
TN 50 CL 0001

Thiruvarur prayer house ordered shut and sealed over meetings without permission

13 June 2025 · Thiruvarur, Tamil Nadu · Tahsildar, Kodavasal Taluk; District Collector, Thiruvarur; Madras High Court

The Kodavasal Tahsildar ordered a pastor-run trust to close a prayer house within 10 days and the premises were sealed after a police enquiry. The pastor challenged the closure in the Madras High Court. On 13 June 2025 the Court ordered desealing for possession but barred use as a prayer hall without District Collector permission.

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Freedom of speechProsecution pending
RJ 12 CL 0001

Bail granted to man held over Facebook post about deities

20 January 2025 · Dungarpur, Rajasthan · Rajasthan High Court at Jodhpur

Police in Dungarpur district registered an FIR over a Facebook post about Hindu deities and charged IT Act and BNS offences including BNS 152. The Rajasthan High Court at Jodhpur granted bail on 20 January 2025 after noting investigation was complete.

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Freedom of religionProsecution pending
JH 04 CL 0001

Several people face prosecution under Jharkhand religion law in Shikaripara case

22 August 2024 · Dumka, Jharkhand · High Court of Jharkhand at Ranchi (Justice Anil Kumar Choudhary)

A 2018 Shikaripara police case led to prosecution under Section 295A of the IPC with Section 4 of the Jharkhand Freedom of Religion Act, 2017, sanctioned by Dumka authorities. The accused asked the High Court to end the proceedings. On 22.08.2024 the court allowed an amendment to their plea, issued notice, and kept the case pending.

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Freedom of speechCase quashed
PB 08 CL 0001

Actor's TV interview remarks on Valmiki led to two criminal cases, later quashed

7 August 2024 · Jalandhar, Punjab · Punjab and Haryana High Court (Justice Pankaj Jain)

Police in Jalandhar registered an FIR under Sections 295 and 295-A IPC, with Section 3 of the SC/ST Act added later, while police in Amritsar registered a second FIR under Section 295 IPC, over a film actor's remarks about Valmiki in a news-channel interview. The Punjab and Haryana High Court held that the necessary ingredients of the alleged offences were missing. It quashed both FIRs and all subsequent proceedings against the speaker on 7 August 2024.

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Records are updated as new information, appeals, or court findings emerge. Recent convictions may still be under appeal.

Methodology

What qualifies, and how we verify

The standard

A record qualifies when the state has arrested, charged, detained, penalised or convicted a person for exercising a basic freedom — speaking, writing, posting, believing or worshipping — or has stripped a legal status or protection because of it. An arrest is recorded as an arrest; the court’s findings, where there are any, are reported as the court’s.

Sources and verification

Every record links its sources. V2 means an official record — a court judgment or order, a gazette, or a government or agency release — has been read and the record checked against it; quotes are copied verbatim. Only V2 records are published. A record that rests on news reports alone (V1) is held back until an official record is found. Each record also says what it could not confirm.

Names, coverage and corrections

Names of private individuals are withheld unless a naming gate clears them; officials acting in office and judges are named. Coverage is being built state by state, starting with Andhra Pradesh and the most recent cases, one record per category first. A record is a documented instance, not an estimate of how often this happens. To correct a record, write to contact@copwatchindia.org with the official document. The method follows Babuwatch: record, attribute, correct.