Crime in IndiaA Data Libertarian Project
Rape · Crime in India 2024

72,849 rapes registered in 2024. Most reports say 29,536.

The 29,536 figure is section 376 of the Penal Code. Rape of a girl under eighteen is usually filed under sections 4 and 6 of the POCSO Act instead, in a separate row: 43,313 cases in 2024. Each FIR is counted in only one of the two rows, so together they are 72,849.1,2

See the statesWhat happened after the FIR

Registered FIRs, as the National Crime Records Bureau published them. Not a count of every rape committed. Every figure links to its table.

Ten years

Rape FIRs, 2015 to 2024, by kind

Each bar is one year’s rape FIRs, read from that year’s own Crime in India volume. Section 376 alone has stayed between 28,046 and 38,947 a year. Child rape under POCSO, counted separately since 2017, grew from 17,382 to 43,313. That is where the rise is.3–11

Rape FIRs registered each year, by kind

Cases. Hover or tab to a bar for its parts.

  • Gang rape (s.376D; BNS s.70 in 2024)
  • Other rape under s.376
  • Child rape, POCSO 4 & 6 (girls)
  • Rape row incl. POCSO child rape, not split (before 2017)
020,00040,00060,00080,000POCSO counted separately from 201734,651201538,947201649,941201754,757201857,967201955,853202064,713202169,027202269,716202372,8492024

Before 2017 the Bureau counted child rape filed under POCSO read with section 376 inside the rape row, so the fall from 2016 to 2017 is mostly a change in counting, not in crime. 2015’s own volume is not posted in full; its total is from the 2016 and 2017 volumes and is not split. Gang rape of girls under 16 or 12 (0 to 84 cases a year) is inside “other rape”. 2024 combines IPC and the Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, which replaced it on 1 July 2024.

What the POCSO row counts

Under POCSO, any penetrative sexual act with a person under eighteen is child rape in law, whether or not the teenager agreed. In 22,308 of the 44,126 POCSO section 4 and 6 cases in 2024, 50.6%, the police recorded the offender as a friend, online friend or live-in partner. The tables cannot say how many were relationships between adolescents. Read the rise with that in mind; it is not all predatory abuse, and it is not none.12

The numbers behind each bar
Cases registered. Each year from its own Crime in India volume; see the sources below.
Name
201534,65134,651——
201638,94738,9472,167—
201749,94132,5591,87417,382
201854,75733,3561,82621,401
201957,96732,0331,93125,934
202055,85328,0461,93327,807
202164,71331,6772,20033,036
202269,02731,5162,11837,511
202369,71629,6701,75340,046
202472,84929,5361,50743,313
What the count is made of

Every part over 10%, including the one the law leaves out

Inside the FIR count, 2024: child rape under POCSO is the largest part, then other rape under section 376; gang rape is about 2%. Outside it is rape by a husband. The law says intercourse by a man with his wife, when she is eighteen or older, is not rape, so no police station can register it as rape and no chart of FIRs can show it. The Health Ministry’s survey can.11,13,14

Rape FIRs by kind, 2024

72,849 FIRs, section 376 and POCSO sections 4 and 6

  • Child rape, POCSO 4 & 6 (girls)43,313 59.5%
  • Other rape under s.376 / BNS28,029 38.5%
  • Gang rape (BNS s.70)1,507 2.1%

Who women say committed sexual violence

NFHS-5, 2019–21: women aged 18 to 49 who had ever experienced sexual violence, by the person they named

  1. Current husband78.7%
  2. Former husband13.2%
  3. Other relative3.8%
  4. Current or former boyfriend2.2%
  5. Own friend or acquaintance1.1%
  6. Father or step-father1.0%
  7. Family friend0.8%
  8. Brother or step-brother0.7%
  9. Stranger0.4%

A woman could name more than one person, so the bars do not add to 100%. This is a survey of households, not a count of police cases.

3.9%
Forced intercourse by husband, past year
of ever-married women aged 18 to 49. NFHS-5 Table 15.9.
4.6%
Forced intercourse by husband, ever
of ever-married women aged 18 to 49.
78.7%
Named their current husband
of women who faced sexual violence; 13.2% named a former husband.
0.4%
Named a stranger
in the survey. In 2024 FIRs the offender was unknown in 3.2%.
Parts of 10% or more are marked. FIR shares are of the 2024 count named in the note; survey shares are of women who experienced sexual violence.
PartFigureShareWhere it is counted
Child rape under POCSO 4 & 6 (girls)of all rape FIRs, both rows43,31359.5%Inside the headline count
Other rape under s.376 / BNSof all rape FIRs, both rows28,02938.5%Inside the headline count
Gang rapeof all rape FIRs, both rows1,5072.1%Inside the headline count
Offender a friend, partner, or promised marriageof section 376 / BNS rape FIRs13,87947.0%Inside the headline count
Offender a neighbour, employer or other known personof section 376 / BNS rape FIRs12,58442.6%Inside the headline count
POCSO offender a friend, online friend or partnerof POCSO 4 & 6 cases, girls and boys22,30850.6%Inside the headline count
Rape by a husband (marital rape)of ever-married women face forced intercourse by their husband each year; 78.7% of women who faced sexual violence named their current husband, 13.2% a former one3.9% a year78.7%Survey only: never an FIR
Why marital rape is not in the ten-year chart

It is not missing from the data by accident. The law excludes it: sexual intercourse by a man with his own wife, not being under eighteen, is not rape. The survey measures a share of women, not a number of cases, so this page does not add it to the FIR bars or turn it into a count.13,14

  1. 2000Law Commission of India, 172nd Report. Did not recommend criminalising marital rape by amending Exception 2 to section 375.15
  2. 2015Ministry of Home Affairs, in Parliament. The UN CEDAW Committee had recommended criminalising marital rape; citing the Law Commission, there was “presently no proposal” to amend the law.15
  3. 2017Supreme Court, Independent Thought v. Union of India. Read the exception down so it no longer covers a wife under 18; expressly did not decide marital rape of women over 18.16
  4. 2023Parliament, Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, section 63. Kept the exception for a wife 18 or older.13
The count

The adult count fell. The child count rose.

A headline built on section 376 reports a fall of 0.5% in 2024. Over the same year the POCSO child-rape row grew 8.2%. Taken together, rape FIRs rose 4.5%.

29,536
Section 376 IPC
−0.5%on 2023. 4.3 per lakh women.1
43,313
Child rape, POCSO 4 & 6
+8.2%on 2023. Girl victims.1,17
72,849
Both rows, added here
+4.5%on 2023. One FIR sits in one row only.
96.8%
Offender known to her
of section 376 cases. 939 unknown.18

Rape FIRs, by the row they were filed in

Cases registered, 2023 and 2024

  • Section 376 IPC
  • POCSO sections 4 & 6 (girls)
020,00040,00060,00080,00069,716202372,8492024

Both rows from Table 3A.2 of each year’s volume.1,17

Section 376 alone, five years

Cases registered. The rate is per lakh women.

010,00020,00030,00040,00028,046202031,677202131,516202229,670202329,5362024

2020 was the lockdown year. Years before 2020 are in older volumes this page has not read yet.19,20

Where

The largest count is not the highest rate

Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and Maharashtra register the most cases. Per lakh women, the top of the list is mostly small states and union territories. The Bureau prints a warning under every table: “States/UTs may not be compared purely on the basis of crime figures.” A state that writes down every complaint looks worse than one that turns people away.1

Rape FIRs per lakh women, 2024

Each square is a state or union territory, placed roughly where it lies. Hover or tab to a square for its figures.

JK7.4LA3.9CH16.6PB6.9HP9.0UK16.0RJ16.2HR19.8DL20.0UP5.9BR3.6SK18.5AR12.9GJ9.0MP15.9CG19.3JH8.4WB6.0ML23.8AS17.5NL2.3DD7.2MH12.7TG16.9OD13.2TR8.7MZ19.3MN4.3GA13.3KA11.7AP5.2AN43.2LD10.0KL14.8TN14.7PY10.2
Per lakh women
  1. 0.0–6.9
  2. 6.9–10.0
  3. 10.0–14.7
  4. 14.7–17.5
  5. 17.5+
JK4.0LA0.8CH16.6PB3.2HP8.7UK5.3RJ12.2HR9.6DL10.3UP2.8BR1.9SK2.1AR9.9GJ1.9MP7.2CG7.7JH5.5WB2.3ML3.4AS5.2NL1.3DD2.4MH5.0TG6.0OD5.5TR3.1MZ3.2MN1.2GA13.3KA2.0AP1.7AN3.7LD6.7KL5.0TN1.1PY1.0
Per lakh women
  1. 0.0–1.9
  2. 1.9–3.2
  3. 3.2–5.2
  4. 5.2–7.7
  5. 7.7+
JK483LA5CH96PB1,017HP335UK919RJ6,483HR2,867DL2,050UP6,779BR2,193SK61AR99GJ3,097MP6,759CG2,935JH1,635WB2,948ML402AS3,114NL25DD33MH7,813TG3,224OD3,054TR179MZ120MN69GA105KA3,940AP1,380AN82LD3KL2,779TN5,675PY91
Cases
  1. 0–91
  2. 91–402
  3. 402–2,193
  4. 2,193–3,114
  5. 3,114+

Squares are equal in size on purpose: a small state reads as clearly as a large one. The grid is not a map and draws no borders.

Most FIRs

Ten states and UTs by cases, both rows, 2024

  • Section 376
  • POCSO 4 & 6
  1. Maharashtra7,813
  2. Uttar Pradesh6,779
  3. Madhya Pradesh6,759
  4. Rajasthan6,483
  5. Tamil Nadu5,675
  6. Karnataka3,940
  7. Telangana3,224
  8. Assam3,114
  9. Gujarat3,097
  10. Odisha3,054

Highest rate

Ten states by FIRs per lakh women, both rows, 2024. Union territories left out: a few cases swing their rate.

  • Section 376
  • POCSO 4 & 6
  1. Meghalaya23.8
  2. Haryana19.8
  3. Chhattisgarh19.3
  4. Mizoram19.3
  5. Sikkim18.5
  6. Assam17.5
  7. Telangana16.9
  8. Rajasthan16.2
  9. Uttarakhand16.0
  10. Madhya Pradesh15.9
Why this page adds the two rows

States file child rape differently. Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan put no girl under eighteen in the section 376 row: every such case went to POCSO. Himachal Pradesh, Goa and Chandigarh did the opposite and filed most such cases under section 376. A ranking on section 376 alone compares filing habits as much as crime. Adding the two rows puts every state on the same footing.1,21

All 36 states and union territories
Rates are per lakh women, as the Bureau prints them. “Both rows” is section 376 plus POCSO sections 4 and 6, added here.
Name
Maharashtra7,81312.73,0912,9305.04,72297.7%
Uttar Pradesh6,7795.93,2093,5162.83,57097.0%
Madhya Pradesh6,75915.93,0612,9797.23,69897.4%
Rajasthan6,48316.24,8715,07812.21,61298.4%
Tamil Nadu5,67514.74193651.15,25698.3%
Karnataka3,94011.76716562.03,26997.3%
Telangana3,22416.91,1488176.02,07699.6%
Assam3,11417.59279895.22,18793.0%
Gujarat3,0979.06616341.92,43698.6%
Odisha3,05413.21,2681,1955.51,78699.8%
West Bengal2,9486.01,1181,1102.31,83084.9%
Chhattisgarh2,93519.31,1711,1717.71,76499.0%
Haryana2,86719.81,3911,7729.61,47690.4%
Kerala2,77914.89408435.01,83999.3%
Bihar2,1933.61,1659021.91,02893.1%
Delhi2,05020.01,0581,09410.399297.3%
Jharkhand1,6358.41,0731,2215.556298.5%
Andhra Pradesh1,3805.24414381.793996.4%
Punjab1,0176.94754573.254299.4%
Uttarakhand91916.03054215.361499.7%
Jammu & Kashmir4837.42612314.022293.5%
Meghalaya40223.857663.434578.9%
Himachal Pradesh3359.03243448.711100.0%
Tripura1798.764573.1115100.0%
Mizoram12019.320363.210085.0%
Goa10513.31059713.3093.3%
Arunachal Pradesh9912.976719.923100.0%
Chandigarh9616.69610216.60100.0%
Puducherry9110.2991.082100.0%
A&N Islands8243.27143.775100.0%
Manipur694.319271.250100.0%
Sikkim6118.5792.154100.0%
D&N Haveli and Daman & Diu337.21162.422100.0%
Nagaland252.314101.31178.6%
Ladakh53.9120.84100.0%
Lakshadweep310.0216.71100.0%
Who

Almost always someone she knew

The police record the offender’s relation to the victim. For section 376, a stranger or unidentified person was recorded in 939 of 29,536 cases, 3.2%. For child rape under POCSO it was 1,492 of 44,126.12,18

Section 376: who the offender was

29,536 cases, 2024

  • Friend, online friend, live-in partner, promise of marriage, separated husbandOne row in the Bureau’s table. It is not split further.13,879 47.0%
  • Neighbour, employer or other known person12,584 42.6%
  • Family member2,134 7.2%
  • Unknown or not identified939 3.2%

POCSO child rape: who the offender was

44,126 cases, girls and boys, 2024

  • Friend, online friend or live-in partner, including on promise of marriage22,308 50.6%
  • Family friend, neighbour, employer or other known person16,668 37.8%
  • Family member3,658 8.3%
  • Unknown or not identified1,492 3.4%

The largest group, 13,879 cases, puts friends, online friends, live-in partners, a man who promised marriage and a separated husband in one row. How many were promise-of-marriage cases cannot be read from these tables, and this page does not guess.18

Gang rape (section 376D, now BNS section 70) was 1,537 cases, 5.2% of section 376. Rape in custody was 55 cases, 27 of them by police personnel.22

Victims of section 376, by age

29,742 victims, 2024

05,00010,00015,00020,000792Under 1819,48918–308,31630–451,05645–608960+

Most girls under eighteen are in the POCSO row, not here.21

What the count misses

Most sexual violence never becomes an FIR

The Health Ministry’s National Family Health Survey asked women directly, in 2019–21. Its answers describe what a police register cannot see.14

6%
Ever faced sexual violence
of women aged 18 to 49, by anyone, in their lifetime.
82%
Named their husband
of ever-married women who faced sexual violence. 14% named a former husband.
77%
Told no one
of women who faced physical or sexual violence. 14% sought any help.
~1 in 100
Went to the police
of women who faced physical or sexual violence, from any source (not rape alone): 14% sought help × 6.3% of those went to the police. Computed here.
Why a husband’s rape is not in the count

The law says sexual intercourse by a man with his own wife, when she is eighteen or older, is not rape. The survey counts it. The rape row cannot.13

No “true number” here

The survey measures whether a woman was ever abused in her life. The FIR count is complaints registered in one year. Any figure that multiplies one by the other is an estimate. This page does not print one.

After the FIR

Few cases reach a verdict. Fewer end in conviction.

Police investigated 39,274 rape cases in 2024, including cases carried over from earlier years. Courts had 2,06,777 before them. These are the Bureau’s disposal tables for the same year.23,24

Police: what happened to the cases

39,274 cases for investigation, 2024

  • Chargesheet filed24,614 62.7%
  • Closed as falseThe police’s own finding at the end of an investigation.3,776 9.6%
  • Closed for other reasons, transferred or quashedTrue but no evidence or untraced 1,044; mistake of fact or law or civil dispute 714.1,979 5.0%
  • Still under investigation at year end8,905 22.7%

Courts: what happened to the cases

2,06,777 section 376 cases for trial, 2024

  • Convicted5,032 2.4%
  • Acquitted13,980 6.8%
  • Discharged, withdrawn or otherwise disposed1,980 1.0%
  • Still pending at year end1,85,785 89.8%
24.4%
Conviction rate, s.376
from 22.7%in 2023. Convictions ÷ trials finished.24,25
30.0%
Conviction rate, POCSO 4 & 6
7,916 convictions in 26,349 trials.24
9.0×
Backlog
1,85,785 pending cases, against 20,587 trials finished in the year. Computed here.
12.5%
Closed as false
3,776 of 30,272 cases the police disposed of. Computed here.
Read before quoting these

A conviction rate is convictions divided by trials finished that year, most of them from FIRs of earlier years. It is not convictions divided by FIRs. An acquittal means the charge was not proved; it is not a finding that the complaint was false. The police’s “false” closures are 12.5% of their disposals. Neither number supports the claim that most complaints are invented, and neither shows that none are.

Other government records

What the courts, the Commission for Women and the states record

The Bureau is one part of government. The Law Ministry runs fast-track courts for rape and POCSO cases, the National Commission for Women takes complaints directly, and state police publish their own counts. Their figures, read from their own releases and sites.26–30

725
Fast-track special courts
working on 30 June 2025, 392 of them for POCSO only, in 29 states and UTs.26
3,34,213
Cases disposed since 2019
by those courts. Disposed includes acquittals; it is not convictions.26
85,595 / 88,902
Disposed / filed, 2024
The Ministry calls this a 96.28% “disposal rate”. More cases arrived than left.27
9.5 vs 3.3
Disposals per court per month
fast-track courts against regular courts, as the Ministry estimates.26

Cases pending in fast-track courts, by state

2,48,633 in all (computed). Department of Justice dashboard, read 27 September 2026.

  1. Uttar Pradesh98,768
  2. Maharashtra31,311
  3. Bihar24,747
  4. Madhya Pradesh11,003
  5. Tamil Nadu9,201
  6. Odisha8,949
  7. Telangana8,861
  8. Assam6,872
  9. Kerala6,716
  10. West Bengal6,680
  11. Karnataka5,703
  12. Andhra Pradesh5,455

Jharkhand shows none because it left the scheme in July 2025. The dashboard gives no as-on date.26,28

Complaints of rape or attempted rape to the NCW

National Commission for Women, complaints received each year. Not FIRs.

05001,0001,5002,0001,33920191,23620201,68120211,71120221,53920231,44720241,6252025

“Police apathy” complaints, where a woman says the police did not act, were 2,396 in 2019 and 985 in 2025. The Commission changed its categories in 2019, so earlier years are left out.29

A state’s own count agrees with this page’s sum

Kerala Police publish rape counts that include child rape under POCSO. For 2022 and 2023 their figure equals the Bureau’s section 376 row plus its POCSO row exactly. For 2024 Kerala’s live figure is higher by 122; the two records do not say why.9,11,17,30

Kerala Police state-wide rape counts beside NCRB’s Kerala rows added together.
FigureKerala PoliceNCRB (s.376 + POCSO 4 & 6)Gap
Rape, 20222,5182,518Same
Rape, 20232,5622,562Same
Rape, 20242,9012,779+122
A second state, counted the other way

Karnataka’s State Crime Records Bureau reports section 376 and POCSO child rape as separate lines, as the Bureau does. Every figure checked, 2022 to 2024, matches the Bureau’s Karnataka rows exactly.31

Crime in Karnataka reports beside NCRB’s Karnataka rows.
FigureKarnataka PoliceNCRBGap
Rape (s.376), 2022595595Same
Rape (s.376), 2023656656Same
Rape (s.376), 2024671671Same
POCSO child rape (4 & 6), 20243,2693,269Same
Cities

Nineteen cities, very different police registers

Metropolitan city figures are already inside the state totals. City rates use the 2011 census, so they cannot be set beside state rates. Jaipur registered 497 section 376 cases; Kolkata registered 12. A gap that wide is at least partly a difference in what each police force writes down.32

Rape FIRs per lakh women, by city, 2024

Both rows. Rates on the 2011 census population.

  • Section 376
  • POCSO 4 & 6
  1. Jaipur, Rajasthan41.4
  2. Indore, Madhya Pradesh38.4
  3. Delhi City27.1
  4. Nagpur, Maharashtra22.7
  5. Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh22.3
  6. Pune, Maharashtra21.2
  7. Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh19.7
  8. Hyderabad, Telangana17.1
  9. Kochi, Kerala16.0
  10. Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh15.3
  11. Surat, Gujarat15.2
  12. Bengaluru, Karnataka14.8
  13. Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu14.7
  14. Mumbai, Maharashtra12.0
  15. Patna, Bihar11.2
  16. Ahmedabad, Gujarat10.7
  17. Kozhikode, Kerala10.3
  18. Chennai, Tamil Nadu7.1
  19. Kolkata, West Bengal2.5
City table
Rates per lakh women on the 2011 census, as the Bureau prints them.
Name
Delhi City2,05027.11,0581,088992
Mumbai, Maharashtra1,02112.0411387610
Hyderabad, Telangana64317.1358173285
Bengaluru, Karnataka60314.8168169435
Jaipur, Rajasthan60141.4497573104
Pune, Maharashtra50621.2244196262
Indore, Madhya Pradesh39838.4195186203
Ahmedabad, Gujarat32010.762109258
Chennai, Tamil Nadu3087.14420264
Surat, Gujarat29915.28550214
Nagpur, Maharashtra27822.7136132142
Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh27319.7161151112
Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh24622.39383153
Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh20415.31118693
Kochi, Kerala17216.01099463
Kolkata, West Bengal1712.51210159
Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu15814.7196139
Kozhikode, Kerala11010.3514459
Patna, Bihar10711.2724935
Every district

Section 376 cases by district, 2022

The Bureau has published district tables for 2022, not yet for 2023 or 2024. Each spot is a district or city police unit; its area is the number of cases, not a rate. 31,051 of 31,516 cases are located on the map; the rest are remainder rows the district file does not place.

    Largest first. Cases: NCRB, district-wise crimes against women, 2022. Boundaries: Bhuvan, ISRO/NRSC. A spot marks the district or police unit, not where a crime happened.

    Sources

    Every figure, to its table

    Government publications only. Each note links the document; the table number is where the figure is printed.

    1. Crime in India 2024, Volume I — Table 3A.2, Crimes against Women (Crime Head-wise and State/UT-wise)National Crime Records Bureau, Ministry of Home Affairs · accessed 2026-09-27Calendar year. Registered cases, principal-offence rule.
    2. Crime in India 2024, Volume I — Limitations and methodology, Principal Offence Rule and population baseNational Crime Records Bureau, Ministry of Home Affairs · accessed 2026-09-27Calendar year. Registered cases, principal-offence rule.
    3. Crime in India 2016 — full publication, Tables 1.2, 3A.2 and 3A.11National Crime Records Bureau, Ministry of Home Affairs · accessed 2026-09-27Calendar year. Registered cases, principal-offence rule.
    4. Crime in India 2017 — Volume I, Tables 1.2, 3A.2 and 3A.11National Crime Records Bureau, Ministry of Home Affairs · accessed 2026-09-27Calendar year. Registered cases, principal-offence rule.
    5. Crime in India 2018 — Volume I, Tables 1.2, 3A.2 and 3A.11National Crime Records Bureau, Ministry of Home Affairs · accessed 2026-09-27Calendar year. Registered cases, principal-offence rule.
    6. Crime in India 2019 — Volume I, Tables 1.2, 3A.2 and 3A.11National Crime Records Bureau, Ministry of Home Affairs · accessed 2026-09-27Calendar year. Registered cases, principal-offence rule.
    7. Crime in India 2020 — Volume I, Tables 1.2, 3A.2 and 3A.11National Crime Records Bureau, Ministry of Home Affairs · accessed 2026-09-27Calendar year. Registered cases, principal-offence rule.
    8. Crime in India 2021 — Volume I, Tables 1.2, 3A.2 and 3A.11National Crime Records Bureau, Ministry of Home Affairs · accessed 2026-09-27Calendar year. Registered cases, principal-offence rule.
    9. Crime in India 2022 — Volume I, Tables 1.2, 3A.2 and 3A.11National Crime Records Bureau, Ministry of Home Affairs · accessed 2026-09-27Calendar year. Registered cases, principal-offence rule.
    10. Crime in India 2023, Volume I — Table 3A.11, Cases Registered under Rape (Section-wise)National Crime Records Bureau, Ministry of Home Affairs · accessed 2026-09-27Calendar year. Registered cases, principal-offence rule.
    11. Crime in India 2024 — Volume I, Tables 1.2, 3A.2 and 3A.11National Crime Records Bureau, Ministry of Home Affairs · accessed 2026-09-27Calendar year. Registered cases, principal-offence rule.
    12. Crime in India 2024, Volume I — Table 4A.10, Offenders’ Relation to Child Victims of POCSO Act (Sections 4 and 6)National Crime Records Bureau, Ministry of Home Affairs · accessed 2026-09-27Calendar year. Registered cases, principal-offence rule.
    13. Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita, 2023 (Act 45 of 2023) — Section 63, Exception 2Ministry of Law and Justice, Gazette of India Extraordinary, as posted by the Ministry of Home Affairs · accessed 2026-09-27In force from 1 July 2024. Section 375 of the Indian Penal Code, under which the 2022 and 2023 cases were registered, carried the same exception.
    14. National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5), 2019–21, India Report — Chapter 15, Domestic ViolenceInternational Institute for Population Sciences, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare · pp. 641–675 · accessed 2026-09-27Government of India publication (Ministry of Health and Family Welfare; IIPS, Mumbai). No full copy is currently online on a government host: the IIPS and Ministry links returned 404 on 2026-09-27, so this links the identical report as deposited with the DHS Program.
    15. Women Subjected to Marital Rape (29 April 2015)Press Information Bureau, Ministry of Home Affairs · accessed 2026-09-27
    16. Independent Thought v. Union of India, W.P.(C) 382 of 2013, judgment of 11 October 2017Supreme Court of India (copy hosted by Rajasthan Police Academy, Government of Rajasthan) · accessed 2026-09-27Exception 2 to s.375 read down for wives under 18, prospectively.
    17. Crime in India 2023, Volume I — Table 3A.2, Crimes against Women (Crime Head-wise and State/UT-wise)National Crime Records Bureau, Ministry of Home Affairs · accessed 2026-09-27Calendar year. Registered cases, principal-offence rule.
    18. Crime in India 2024, Volume I — Table 3A.4, Offenders’ Relation to Victims of RapeNational Crime Records Bureau, Ministry of Home Affairs · accessed 2026-09-27Calendar year. Registered cases, principal-offence rule.
    19. Crime in India 2024, Volume I — Table 1.2, IPC/BNS Crimes (Crime Head-wise), 2022–2024National Crime Records Bureau, Ministry of Home Affairs · accessed 2026-09-27Calendar year. Registered cases, principal-offence rule.
    20. Crime in India 2023, Volume I — Table 1.2, IPC Crimes (Crime Head-wise), 2021–2023National Crime Records Bureau, Ministry of Home Affairs · accessed 2026-09-27Calendar year. Registered cases, principal-offence rule.
    21. Crime in India 2024, Volume I — Table 3A.3, Women and Girls Victims of Rape (Age Group-wise)National Crime Records Bureau, Ministry of Home Affairs · accessed 2026-09-27Calendar year. Registered cases, principal-offence rule.
    22. Crime in India 2024, Volume I — Table 3A.11, Cases Registered under Rape (Section-wise)National Crime Records Bureau, Ministry of Home Affairs · accessed 2026-09-27Calendar year. Registered cases, principal-offence rule.
    23. Crime in India 2024, Volume I — Table 3A.5, Police Disposal of Crime against WomenNational Crime Records Bureau, Ministry of Home Affairs · accessed 2026-09-27Calendar year. Registered cases, principal-offence rule.
    24. Crime in India 2024, Volume I — Table 3A.7, Court Disposal of Crime against WomenNational Crime Records Bureau, Ministry of Home Affairs · accessed 2026-09-27Calendar year. Registered cases, principal-offence rule.
    25. Crime in India 2023, Volume I — Table 3A.7, Court Disposal of Crime against WomenNational Crime Records Bureau, Ministry of Home Affairs · accessed 2026-09-27Calendar year. Registered cases, principal-offence rule.
    26. Scheme of Fast Track Special Courts (press release 2154103, 8 August 2025)Press Information Bureau, Ministry of Law and Justice · accessed 2026-09-27Figures as received from High Courts. Jharkhand left the scheme on 07.07.2025.
    27. Swift Justice, Safer Society: The Impact of Fast Track Special Courts (press release 2113344, 20 March 2025)Press Information Bureau, Ministry of Law and Justice · accessed 2026-09-27The release prints both 745 and 754 as the number of functional courts.
    28. Fast Track Special Courts dashboard — Pendency by the FTSCsDepartment of Justice, Ministry of Law and Justice · accessed 2026-09-27Live dashboard read on 2026-09-27; it shows no as-on date.
    29. Statistical Overview of Complaints (nature-wise), 2019–2025National Commission for Women · accessed 2026-09-27Complaints received by the Commission, not FIRs. Categories changed in 2019.
    30. Crime statistics — BNS/IPC cases and crime against women, state-wideKerala Police, Government of Kerala · accessed 2026-09-27Also https://keralapolice.gov.in/crime-statistics/crime-against-woman. Live pages read on 2026-09-27.
    31. Crime in Karnataka – 2024 (21st edition)Karnataka State Police, Police Computer Wing and State Crime Records Bureau, Government of Karnataka · accessed 2026-09-27Year-wise reports 2015–2024 are listed at https://ksp.karnataka.gov.in/new-page/Crime%20in%20Karnataka/en.
    32. Crime in India 2024, Volume I — Table 3B.2, Crimes against Women (Crime Head-wise and City-wise)National Crime Records Bureau, Ministry of Home Affairs · accessed 2026-09-27Calendar year. Registered cases, principal-offence rule.